Презентация по теме: Russian dialects

Russian dialects Everyone speaks a dialect.“ David crystal

Classification 1. Northern Russian a. Pomor (Arkhangelsk and Murmansk) b. Ladoga-Tikhvin c. Transitional groups: Onega, Lacha, Belozersk-Bezhetsk d. Vologda e. Kostroma-Yaroslavl

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2. Central Russian a. Western i. Groups with okanye (Gdov, Luga, Novgorod, Staraya Russa, Valday) ii. Groups with akanye (Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Toropets, Rzhev, Torzhok) b. Eastern i. Groups with okanye (Tver, Klin, Sergiev Posad, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Ivanovo, Murom, Nizhny Novgorod) ii. Groups with akanye (Moscow, Kasimov, Temnikov) iii. Chukhloma enclave (with akanye)

3. Southern Russian a. Western (Bryansk, Smolensk, southern parts of Pskov and Tver) b. Transitional group A (Mosalsk, Kozelsk, Zhizdra, Karachev, Sevsk, Rylsk) c. Central (Belgorod, Kursk, Oryol) d. Transitional group B (Serpukhov, Kolomna, Kaluga, Tula, Elets, Stary Oskol) e. Eastern (Lipetsk, Tambov, Ryazan, Voronezh).

Kursk and Oryol dialect

Phonetic: • akanye (the vowel «а» is predominant over the vowel «о») and yakanye ( «я» instead of «е», like вязу, мятла, в лясу) • Fricative /ɣ/ instead of /ɡ/. Soft /ɣʲ/ is usually [j~ʝ]. • Semivowel /w~u̯/ in the place /v/ and final /l/. • /x~xv~xw/ where the Standard and Northern have /f/: хванарь Standard Russian фонарь • Protetic /w~u̯/ before /u/ and stressed /o/: во́кна, ву́лица, Standard Russian окна, улица windows, street. • Protetic /j/ before /i/ and /e/: етот, ентот, Standard Russian этот this.

Morphology And Grammar: • soft final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs: он ходить, они ходять he goes, they go • Occasional dropping of the 3rd person ending /tʲ/ at all: он ходи, они ходя he goes, they go • Oblique case forms of personal pronouns мяне́, табе́, сабе́ instead of Standard Russian мне, тебе, себе me, you, -self. • Presence the vowel «ы» in nouns of neuter gender – пятны, окны. • The flexions of I and II conjugation are the same: пишуть, колють, дышуть, носють • Short forms of infinitives: несть, плесть, весть НО! Итить

Vocabulary: Дежа, дежка – посуда для приготовления теста, рогач – приспособление для вынимания горшков из печи, чапля, цапля, чапельник, цаплейка – для вынимания сковороды из печи, гребовать – брезговать, зелени, зеленя, зель – всходы ржи, гутарить – говорить, особое произношение слова где – иде, ийде, де

Standard word Dialect сегодня нынче, нонче, ноне, ныне завтра завтри, заутра вчера давче, давича, вчерась, анадысь, вчора теперь таперче, теперьче пряники жамки нет (нету) нéтути, нема становится холоднее холоднеет, холодат становится прохладнее прохладнеет становится теплее тéплеет встречать стрявать встретить стренуть в (предлог) у, ув, уво дом (частный) хата маленький сарай курень

телевизор телевизер врать брехать (второе значение: лай собак) показывает кажет пока (~ до сих пор) покамест пошел (отправился) подался попробовать на вкус покушать произошедший/сделанный вчера вечером вечорошний привести в порядок образить одеяло адеялка окрошка квас миска чашка жидкое картофельное пюре на воде разведёнка,толчёнка компот квасик, узвар стопка водки читок самогон (в качестве платы) магарыч чёрствый твёрстый стирать белье стираться, мыться мыться купаться воронка (для налития жидкости) леечка завтрак (ать) снеданье (снедать) обед (ать) обид (обидать) ужин вечера, вечерить взрослая курица курёнок мелкие лесные муравьи комари крот хорь медведка (насекомое) крёт очень дюжа, дюже телега повозка свой (продукт собственного производства) свойский один живу сам живу прелые (только груши) улежалые складывать складать справляюсь (с кем-то) уладаю огород гарóд дождь дош дождя (чего?) дóшжу, дóшжа велосипед лисапед здешний тутошний что (утверждение) што

The status of language: Status Description Examples Safe It’s used each generation and transmitted from parents to children. English, French, Russian, Spanish Vulnerable It’s used by the majority of children, but its usage is limited. Adyghe, Belorussian Definitely endangered Itdoesn’tstudy by children as their mother tongue. Gypsy, Jewish Severely endangered It’s used by old generation. Kili, Chukchi Critically endangered The youngest speakers are old men who use their language rarely. Manx,Ulch   Extinct There are no living native speakers Kerek,Kamassian

1. Kerek is an extinct language of Russia of the northern branch of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages. On historical linguistic grounds it is most closely related to Koryak (both languages have a merger of the proto-Chuktotian phonemes /*ð/ and /*r/ with /*j/). The next closest relative is Chukchi (/*ð/ and /*r/ are merged, but not /*j/). In 1997 there were still two speakers remaining, but by 2005 the language was considered extinct. However, according to the 2010 census, there are 10 people claiming to know the Kerek language, a number which may include non-native and partial speakers, as well as non-speakers who claim the language as part of their ethnic heritage. Over the 20th century many members of the Kerek ethnic group shifted to Chukchi, the language of the majority ethnic group in the area, but now most Chukchis and Kereks speak Russian.

2. Kamassian is an extinct Samoyedic language, included by convention in the Southern group together with Mator and Selkup (although this does not constitute an actual subfamily). It had two dialects, Kamassian (also known as Kamas) and Koibal. The last native speaker of the Kamassian dialect, Klavdiya Plotnikova, died in 1989. Kamassian was spoken in Russia, east of the Ural mountains, by Kamasins. The term Koibal is also used as the ethnonym for the Kamas people who shifted to the Turkic Khakas language, the modern Koibal people are mixed Samoyed–Khakas–Yeniseian.

3. Akkala Sami is a Sami language that was spoken in the Sami villages of Ákkel and Čúkksuâl, in the inland parts of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Formerly erroneously regarded as a dialect of Kildin Sami, it has recently become recognized as an independent Sami language that is most closely related to its western neighbor Skolt Sami. Akkala Sami is the most endangered eastern Sami language. On December 29, 2003, Marja Sergina – one of the last fluent native speakers of Akkala Sami – died. However, there are at least two people, both aged 70, with some knowledge of Akkala Sami. Although there exist a description of Akkala Sami phonology and morphology, a few published texts, and archived audio recordings, the Akkala Sami language remains among the most poorly documented Sami languages.

4. The Even language /eɪˈvɛn/, also known as Lamut, Ewen, Eben, Orich, Ilqan (Russian: Эве́нский язы́к, earlier also Ламутский язы́к), is a Tungusic language spoken by the Evens in Siberia. It is spoken by widely scattered communities of reindeer herders from Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk in the east to the River Lena in the west, and from the Arctic coast in the north to the River Aldan in the south. Even is an endangered language, with only some 5,700 speakers (Russian census, 2010). Dialects are Arman, Indigirka, Kamchatka, Kolyma-Omolon, Okhotsk, Ola, Tompon, Upper Kolyma, Sakkyryr, Lamunkhin

5. Yugh (Yug) is a Yeniseian language, closely related to Ket, formerly spoken by the Yugh people, one of the southern groups along the Yenisei River in central Siberia. It was once regarded as a dialect of the Ket language, which was considered to be a language isolate, and was therefore called Sym Ket or Southern Ket, however, the Ket considered it to be a distinct language. By the early 1990s there were only two or three non-fluent speakers remaining, and the language was virtually extinct. In the 2010 census only one ethnic Yugh was counted.