Справочные материалы по грамматике английского языка (7 класс)

FUTURE MEANINGS (Future tenses, Present Continuous, Present Simple) Future Simple употребляется, когда речь идет: -о сиюминутных решениях: I like these shoes. I'll buy them. -о прогнозах на будущее: (I think, believe, hope, expect, probably, perhaps, etc.) Perhaps I'll change my mind about it. -об обещаниях, угрозах: (promise, swear, etc): I promise I'll take you to the Zoo tomorrow.

-в главных предложениях сложноподчиненного предложения времени и условия: It'll be the end of our friendship if you lie me.

-о предупреждениях: Drive more carefully or you'll have an accident. -о предложениях, пожеланиях: I'll make you some coffee. -об информации о будущем действии: It will be spring soon.

УКАЗАТЕЛИ ВРЕМЕНИ: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, soon, in a week, etc.

Bе going to употребляется, когда речь идет о: -планах на будущее и намерениях: I'm going to travel abroad next month. = I'm travelling abroad next month. -прогнозах, основанных на том, что видим, знаем (возможно): Look out! You're going to fall into a hole. -принятых решениях в ближайшем будущем: I'm going to look for a job. PRESENT SIMPLE/PRESENT CONTINUOUS в значении будущего времени: Present Simple употребляется, когда речь идет о: - расписаниях, программах: Tomorrow is Monday. The football match begins at 2 and ends at 4. Tom will be watching the match. (Tom will be in the middle of watching the match.) -придаточном предложении времени и условия: I'll come as soon as I finish. = I'll come as soon as I've finished. When I go shopping, I'll buy some food. (things which are sure to happen.) If I go shopping, I'll buy some food. (things which will possibly happen.) Present continuous употребляется, когда речь идет о: -запланированных действиях в будущем и известно время и место действия: We are coming to dinner tonight. We were invited last night. -об изменяющихся или постоянно развивающихся событиях: The weather is getting better and better. -о раздражающих событиях: You are always loosing keys. P.S. - I'm going to the city center later. = I'll be going to the city center later. -We're late. I expect the film will already have started by the time we get there.

PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS Past Simple употребляется для: - действия, которое произошло в указанное время в прошлом: He came home at 7 p.m. - описания последовательных действий: He read a book then watched TV. - описания действия, которое прервало длительное действие: She came home when Kate was painting. - описания хода событий с as soon as, when, after, until, then: The telephone rang as soon as he entered the room. -для получения информации, что что-то произошло: What time did you arrive? Where were you born? - для прошлых привычек: I always washed my hands and had breakfast. - used to /past simple- для привычек, регулярных действий в прошлом: He used to drive/drove to work. (He doesn't do it any more.) -used to/would- для повторяющихся рутинных действий в прошлом. "Would" употребляется с глаголами состояния - воспоминание! She used to wake up/would wake up early every day. P.S. Have you seen Ann this morning? (It's still morning.) Did you see Ann this morning? (It's now afternoon.)

УКАЗАТЕЛИ ВРЕМЕНИ: yesterday, last, ago, in 2015, the other day, It's 2 years since… Do you think, etc.

Past Continuous употребляется для: - действия в процессе развития в определенный момент: The dog was barking at 5. -одновременных действий, выполненных разными людьми: I was doing my homework while my mum was baking the cake. -описания действия в развитии, которое было прервано другим: Alison was painting when Natalie came home. -описания атмосферы, обстановки: The sun was shining when I got up. - was/were going to-намеревался, но не сделал. We were going to travel by train but then we decided to go by car.

УКАЗАТЕЛИ ВРЕМЕНИ: at…o'clock, while, when, as, all day, etc.

PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUОUS Present Perfect употребляется, когда речь идет o: - действии, начавшемся в прошлом и продолжающемся до сих пор: (глаголы состояния-be, have, like, know!) Eddy has lived in London for 9 years. - действии, произошедшем в прошлом, но имеющем результат в настоящем: I've lost my key. (I haven't got it now.) - действии, произошедшем в неустановленное время в прошлом (важно действие!): She has quit her job. - периодах времени, не законченных к моменту речи с today, this morning, so far, etc.: - How many times have you called today? - I have called you three times a day. - недавно законченных действиях: Mum has just served dinner. - личном опыте, перенесенных переживаниях: I have never smoked. - "cтруктуре It's the first time", etc.: It's the first time I've driven a car.= I have never driven a car before. - "yet" в -, ? предложениях: Нas it stopped raining yet? - привлечении внимания к новой информации, а потом Past Simple: -Look! Somebody has spilt milk on the carpet. -Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it. -Не используется, если не связано с настоящим, а является историческим событием. The Chinese invented printing. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. (P.S.) -Liza has gone to the shop. (She's on the way to the shop or she's there now. She hasn't come back yet.) Liz has been to London. (She went to London, but she isn't there now. She's come back.) I have been in Passadina for a whole deal of my life. ( I'm in Passadina now.)

УКАЗАТЕЛИ ВРЕМЕНИ: already, just, always, today, this month, ever, never, before, so far, recently, twice, for, since, It's the first time, etc.

P. S. How long have Tom and Nelly known each other? -How long is it since you had a holiday? -It's 2 years since I had a holiday. -It's ages since Tom visited us. = He hasn't visited us for ages.

Since for 8 o'clock 1997 2 hours a week Monday Christmas 10 minutes 5 years 12 May lunchtime 3 days a long time April we arrived 6 months ages

Not "FOR " in expressions with all day, all my life, etc. I've lived here all my life. Present Perfect Continuous употребляется, когда: -подчеркивается длительность действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего времени. It has been raining for two hours. How long have you been studying English? -обозначается действие, начавшееся в прошлом и продолжающееся некоторое время. Оно может еще длиться или быть завершено, но обязательно имеет видимый, ощутимый результат. It has been raining all day and the streets are flooded. -Have you been smoking! I can smell tobacco on your clothes.

УКАЗАТЕЛИ ВРЕМЕНИ: since, for, how long ,etc.

PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Past Perfect употребляется, когда речь идет о: -действии, которое произошло перед другим действием в прошлом или до обозначенного момента в прошлом: The meeting had ended by 5 p.m. -действии, которое завершилось в прошлом при описании его результата: He had missed his bus as he was really late. P.S. - I'm not hungry. I've just had lunch. I wasn't hungry. I'd just had lunch. -Was Tom there when you arrived?-No, he had already gone home. -Was Tom there when you arrived?-Yes, but he went home soon afterwards.

УКАЗАТЕЛИ ВРЕМЕНИ: before, after, already, just, for, since, till/until, when, by the time, never, etc.

Past Perfect Continuous употребляется, когда: -подчеркивается длительность действия, которое началось и закончилось в прошлом перед другим действием в прошлом, обычно с since, for: I had been looking for my camera for an hour when I remembered I had leaned it. -обозначается действие, которое длилось некоторое время в прошлом, и описывается его результат: They had been walking around the town all day and they were tired.

УКАЗАТЕЛИ ВРЕМЕНИ: for, since, how long, before, until, etc.