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Экзаменационные материалы по английскому языку

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B 1Раздел 1. Аудирование

Вы услышите шесть высказываний. Установите соответствие междувысказываниями каждого говорящего A-F и утверждениями, данными

в списке 1-7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное

соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее

утверждение. Выуслышитезаписьдважды.

1. Writing Valentines has a very long history.

2. It's another time to spend money.

3. Valentines make a big business.

4. There's always something against the Day.

5. It's a traditional Valentine's Day present and no one should spare money for it.

6. Its traditions tend to fade.

7. Even journalists need information about Valentine's Day.

Говорящий

ABCDEF

Утверждение


Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений

А1-А7 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не

соответствуют (2 - False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на

основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного

ответа (3 - Notstated). Вы услышите запись дважды.

A 11.The tourist has visited England before.

1) True2) False3) Not stated

A 22.There is a number of sightseeing attractions in Windsor besides

Windsor Castle.1) True2) False3) Not stated

В 2

A 33.The tourist hopes to see the Queen in Windsor.

1) True2) False3) Not stated

A 44.The Household Cavalry Museum occupies a part of Windsor Castle.

1) True2) False3) Not stated

A 55.The tourist wants to see Windsor Great Park on a separate day.

1) True2) False3) Not stated

A 66.The receptionist claims that most tourists need more than one day to spend inWindsor.1) True2) False3) Not stated

A 77.The tourist wants to buy postcards with the town views.

1) True2) False3) Not stated


Выуслышитеинтервью. В заданиях А8-А14 обведите цифру 1, 2 или 3,

соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

A 8What's the main role of English in India according to the speaker?

1) Enabling communication between the country's peoples.

2) Serving as the language of Indian Mass Media.

3) Connecting India with the rest of the world.

A 9Which of the following is TRUE about Indian English?

1) It has specific features in grammar as well as in vocabulary and phonetics.

2) It exists only in local newspapers.

3) It's similar to Australian English.

A 10What, according to the speaker, partly explains the specifics of Indian English?

1) Education traditions in India.

2) Indian history and culture.

3) Structure of local languages.

A 11Which of the following is mentioned as a grammatical feature of Indian English?

1) Use of a plural form of a certain word in relation to a single object.

2) Avoiding use of the progressive tense.

3) Overuse of the definite article.

A 12Which of the following phrases is used in Indian English for "How can I help you?"?

1) Where are you put up?

2) Hello, what do you want?

3) Tell me …

A 13What does the speaker say about the language of Indian teenagers?

1) It makes Indian English more modern.

2) It's devised to confuse older people.

3) It consists of slang mostly.

A 14What's the basic direction of changes in modern Indian English according to the speaker?

1) Purification. 2) Simplification. 3) Localization.

По окончании выполнения заданий В1и А1-А14 не забудьте перенести свои

ответы в бланк ответов № 1! Обратите внимание на то, что ответы на

задания В1, А1-А14 располагаются в разных частях бланка. При переносе

ответов в задании В1(в нижней части бланка) цифры записываются без

пробелов и знаков препинания.

Раздел 2. Чтение

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами A-G.

Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только одинраз. Взаданииодинзаголовоклишний.

1. Travel memories5. Popular hobby

2. Animal lover magazine6. Family magazine

3. Travel to stars7. People and nature

4. Star dreams8. Animals in danger

A. Most people who spend a holiday travelling take a camera with them and

photograph anything that interests them - sights of a city, views of mountains,

lakes, waterfalls, men and women, children, ruins of ancient buildings, and

even birds and animals. Later looking through their albums they will remember

the happy time they have had, the islands, countries and cities they have seen.


B. Of course, different people dream of different things. Someone wishes a calm

and quiet life; others imagine their life as a never-ending adventure. The

majority dream of something concrete: a villa in some warm place, an account

in a Swiss bank, a splendid car… It's interesting to know what the dreams of

people who already have all this are. Celebrities, as we know, never hide their

unusual hobbies, and often shock us with their extravagant behaviour.


C. It is Junior Baseball Magazine's mission to provide information that enhances

the youth baseball experience for the entire family. The player improves his

skills and is more successful. The family enjoys the activity more and shares

this precious time in their life. Junior Baseball emphasizes good sportsmanship,

safety, physical fitness and wholesome family values.


D. The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison like industrial, nuclear and

chemical waste. The Mediterranean Sea is already nearly dead; the North Sea is

following it. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about

it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas. Every ten minutes one

species of animal, plant or insect dies out forever.


E. Lots of people all over the world enjoy collecting stamps. Stamps are like little

pictures. Very often they show the flowers or the trees which grow in this or

that country, or they can show different kinds of transport of the country.

Stamps may also have portraits of famous people on them. Somestampsshow

art work from the history of the country.


F. "Friend" is the title of my favourite magazine. It consists of 70 pages, with lots

ofcolourful and bright pictures and provides interesting and useful information

for people who love animals. The magazine includes numerous articles devoted

to various topics connected with domestic animals, ways to take care of them,

pet food, animal health and many other topics crucial for any animal lover.


G. People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not just

somebody else's. Many people join and support various international

organizations and green parties. What could be more important than human

life? Polluted air, poisoned water, wastelands, noise, smoke - all these

influence not only nature but people as well. Everything should be done to

improve ecological conditions on our planet.

A B C D E F G


В 3Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений,

обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя.

On New Year's Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest,

to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the

owner of Vodafone, A _______________________.

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several

thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves

were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any

idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact

B _______________________.

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were

so popular C _______________________. But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold

in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the

UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed

prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started

cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices,

D _______________________. It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it

was Finland's Nokia who made E _______________________. In the late 1990s

Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered

interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your

handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its

monthly charge F _______________________, which has culminated in the fight

between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

1. trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text

2. that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people

3. and relying instead on actual call charges

4. that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century

5. the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items

6. and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK

7. the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

A B C D E F


Прочитайте текст и выполните задания А15-А21. В каждом задании

обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту

ответа.

Llandudno is truly a fine and handsome place, built on a generously proportioned

bay and lined along its broad front with a huddle of prim but graciousnineteenth-century hotels that reminded me in the fading light of a lineup ofVictorian nannies. Llandudno was purpose-built as a resort in the mid-1800s,and it cultivates a nice old-fashioned air. I don't suppose that Lewis Carroll, whofamously strolled this front with little Alice Liddell in the 1860s, would notice agreat deal of change today.

To my consternation, the town was packed with weekending pensioners.Buses from all over were parked along the side streets, every hotel I called at wasfull, and in every dining room I could see crowds - veritable oceans - ofnodding white heads spooning soup and conversing happily. Goodness knowswhat had brought them to the Welsh seaside at this bleak time of year.

Farther on along the front there stood a clutch of guesthouses, large andvirtually indistinguishable, and a few of them had vacancy signs in their windows.I had eight or ten to choose from, which always puts me in a mild fret because Ihave an unerring instinct for choosing badly. My wife can survey a row ofguesthouses and instantly identify the one run by a white-haired widow with afondness for children, and sparkling bathroom facilities, whereas I can generallycount on choosing the one run by a guy with a grasping manner, and the sort ofcough that makes you wonder where he puts the phlegm. Such, I felt, would be thecase tonight.

All the guesthouses had boards out front listing their many amenities -COLOUR TV, HOSPITALITY TRAYS, FULL CENTRAL HEATING, and the coylyeuphemistic EN SUITE ALL ROOMS, meaning private bathrooms. One place offeredsatellite TV and a rouser press, and another boasted CURRENT FIRECERTIFICATE - something I had never thought to look for in a B&B. All thisheightened my sense of unease and doom. How could I possibly choose intelligentlyamong such a variety of options?

I selected a place that looked reasonable enough from the outside - itsboard promised a color TV and coffee making facilities, about all I require thesedays for a Saturday night - but from the moment I set foot in the door I knew itwas a bad choice. I was about to turn and flee when the owner emerged from aback room and stopped my retreat with an unenthusiastic "Yes?" A shortconversation revealed that a single room with breakfast was for £19.50. It wasentirely out of the question that I would stay the night in such a dismal place atsuch an exorbitant price, so I said, "That sounds fine," and signed in. Well, it'sso hard to say no.

My room was everything I expected it to be - cold and cheerless withlaminated furniture, grubbily matted carpet, and those mysterious ceiling stains that bring to mind a neglected corpse in the room above. There was a tray of coffee things but the cups were disgusting, and the spoon was stuck to the tray.The bathroom, faintly illuminated by a distant light activated by a length of string,had curling floor tiles and years of accumulated dirt packed into every corner.I peered at the yellowy tile around the bath and sink and realized what the

landlord did with his phlegm. A bath was out of the question, so I threw somecold water on my face, dried it with a towel that had the texture of shreddedwheat, and gladly took my leave.

A15Llandudno is described as a

1) fashionable 19th century resort.2) beautiful growing resort.

3) place where Lewis Carroll lived.4) place famous for its comfortable hotels.

A16The phrase "veritable oceans" in paragraph 2 refers to

1) hotel dining rooms.2) hotel guests wearing white hats.

3) old people dining in cafes.4) buses crowded with old Welsh people.

A17When choosing a guesthouse the narrator was worried because he

1) wasn't good at making the right choice.

2) could not find a place run by a kind old widow.

3) did not know what to look for.

4) missed his wife for help.

A18The narrator thought that the choice of a guesthouse used to be easier because

1) all hotels had a private bathroom.2) there were fewer options on offer.

3) there were fewer guest houses.4) they were all of B&B type.

A19Why did the narrator agree to the room?

1) He felt sorry for the landlord.2) He could not refuse the offer.

3) It was really cheap.4) There was a TV and a coffee maker.

A20Why was the bath out of the question?

1) The water was too cold.2) There was no hot water.

A213) The bathtub was dirty.4) There was no light.

What is the narrator's attitude towards the room he stayed in?

1) Surprised. 2) Indifferent.3) Positive.4) Critical.


По окончании выполнения заданий В2, В3 и А15-А21 не забудьтеперенестисвои ответы в бланк ответов № 1! Обратите внимание на то, что

ответы на задания В2, В3, А15-А21 располагаются в разных частях бланка.

При переносе ответов в заданиях В2и В3 цифры записываются без пробелов

и знаков препинания.


Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика


Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо,

слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных

номерами B4-B16, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали

содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый

пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы B4-B16.

B 4



B 5

B 6

B 7

B 8

B 9



B 10

B 11

B 12

B 13



B 14



B 15

B 16


A cup of coffee

Once I was travelling in Italy. It was a lovely day. I wanderedalong the street until I came upon some parasol-shaded tableswhich seemed to ____ very nice. I settled andopened my book.It was taking a long time for the waiter to arrive, but I was in no hurry. I was sure that the waiter ____soon.But finally, becoming impatient, I turned to signal for serviceand saw the neon sign. That was the ___ moment ... I discovered that I was sitting outside a store sellinggarden furniture.



The Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China runs for 6,700 kilometers from east towest of China. It is one of the _______wondersof the world.The Great Wall ____ in order to protect the country form different aggressors.

The construction of the Wall _____in the 6th century BC and lasted until the 16th century AD. Since then, the Great Wall of China _____a symbol of wisdom and bravery of the Chinese people and a monument to Chinese nation for many hundreds of years.



UK: Conservation and Environment

Going for a walk is the most popular leisure activity in Britain.Despite its high ______density and widespreadurbanization, the UK has many rural and coastalareas.Twelve National Parks are freely accessible to the public andwere created to conserve the ____beauty,wildlife and cultural heritage they contain.Most of the land in National Parks is privately owned, but administered by an independent National Park Authority whichworks to balance the expectations of _____ with the need to conserve these open spaces for futuregenerations.The UK also works to improve the global environment and has taken global warming _____ever sincescientists discovered the hole in the ozone layer.In 1997, the UK subscribed to the Kyoto Protocol bindingdeveloped countries to reduce emissions of the six maingreenhouse gases. The Protocol declares environmental ______.

Nowadays British _____ are taking part in oneof the largest international projects that is undertaken to protectendangered species.



I



COME

BAD

GREAT

BUILD

BEGIN



BECOME

POPULATE

NATURE

VISIT



SERIOUS



PROTECT

SCIENCE

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами А22-А28. Эти

номера соответствуют заданиям A22-A28, в которых представлены

возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного Вами варианта

ответа.

It wasn't unusual for Amos to go to Deravenels on Saturday, even though

the offices were closed over the weekend. He A22 ______ to go to tidy up his

paperwork and do other small jobs he couldn't attend to during the week.

But on this Saturday morning he had a specific purpose when he arrived at

the grand old building on the Strand. The uniformed doorman A23 ______ Amos

close his umbrella and take off his raincoat. Then he touched his cap and said,

"Good morning, Mr. Finnister".

Amos had come to the office to A24 ______ a few telephone calls. His first

call was to the Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, where he quickly discovered

the records office was not open on weekends. He then dialed Ravenscar and was

put through to Edward Deravenel.

"Good morning, Amos," Edward said. "I'm assuming you have some news

for me." Amos then relayed all the information he had gathered the night before.

"Well done, Amos!" Edward exclaimed. "Thank you for going into all this

A25 ______ . I knew I could depend A26 ______ you. My wife will be happy as

I am to know everything; it's been such a mystery all these years. To A27 ______

the truth, I think that Grace Rose should also know what happened to her mother.

It will finally put her mind at rest."

"I agree, sir. I will telephone you on Monday". Amoswalkedhome, A28 ______

no attention to the heavy rain. Hefelthappy.


A22

A23

A24

A25

A26

A27

A28

1) held 2) took 3) used 4) kept

1) looked 2) gazed 3) stared 4) watched

1) take 2) do 3) make 4) give

1) worry 2) trouble 3) bother 4) mess

1) at 2) on 3) in 4) of

1) tell 2) speak 3) say 4) talk

1) turning 2) paying 3) drawing 4) bringing

По окончании выполнения заданий В4-В16, А22-А28 не забудьте перенести

свои ответы в бланк ответов № 1! Обратите внимание на то, что

ответы на задания В4-В16, А22-А28 располагаются в разных частях

бланка. При переносе ответов в заданиях В4-В16 буквы записываются без

пробелов и знаков препинания.


Раздел 4. Письмо

Для ответов на задания С1и С2 используйте бланк ответов № 2. Черновые

пометки можно делать прямо на листе с заданиями или можно

использовать отдельный черновик. При выполнении заданий С1и С2 особое

внимание обратите на то, что Ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по

записям, сделанным в бланке ответов № 2. Никакие записи черновика не

будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на

необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты

недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый

объём, не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (С1, С2), а затем

ответ на него. Если одной стороны бланка недостаточно, Вы можете

использоватьдругуюегосторону

С 1

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Tom who

writes:

Last month our class went to Washington to visit the National Museum of

American History. It was my first visit there and it was fun! How often do you go to museums with your class, if at all? Which museum is your favorite or what museum would you like to visit? Why do you think people should go there?

This summer we plan to go hiking with my parents…


Write a letter to Tom.

In your letter

answer his questions

ask 3 questions about his summer plans

Write 100-140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.


С 2

Comment on the following statement.


Some people think that extreme sports help to build character.


What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200-250 words.

Use the following plan:

make an introduction (state the problem)

express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion

express an opposing opinion and give 2 reasons for this opposing

opinion

explain why you don't agree with the opposing opinion

make a conclusion restating your position


Ответы

Раздел 1.

Аудирование

Раздел 2.

Чтение

Раздел 3. Грамматика

и лексика

№ задания Ответ № задания Ответ № задания Ответ

А 1 2 А 15 1 А 22 3

А 2 1 А 16 3 А 23 4

А 3 3 А 17 1 А 24 3

А 4 2 А 18 2 А 25 2

А 5 2 А 19 2 А 26 2

А 6 1 А 20 3 А 27 1

А 7 3 А 21 4 А 28 2

А8 1

А9 1

А10 3

А11 1

А12 3

А13 1

A14 2

Аудирование

В1 251347

Чтение

В2 1468527

B3 642153

Грамматика и лексика*

В4 me

В5 wouldcome

В6 worst

В7 greatest

В8 wasbuilt

B9 began

B10 hasbecome

B11 population

B12 natural

B13 visitors

B14 seriously

B15 protection

B16 scientists

Пробный ЕГЭ по английскому языку

состоится в пятницу 15 февраля 2013 года (каб. № 16)

Начало в 11.55 (четвёртый урок), окончание экзамена в 14.55

Длительность: 3 часа



Пробный ЕГЭ по английскому языку

состоится в пятницу 15 февраля 2013 года (каб. № 16)

Начало в 11.55 (четвёртый урок), окончание экзамена в 14.55

Длительность: 3 часа



Пробный ЕГЭ по английскому языку

состоится в пятницу 15 февраля 2013 года (каб. № 16)

Начало в 11.55 (четвёртый урок), окончание экзамена в 14.55

Длительность: 3 часа



Пробный ЕГЭ по английскому языку

состоится в пятницу 15 февраля 2013 года (каб. № 16)

Начало в 11.55 (четвёртый урок), окончание экзамена в 14.55

Длительность: 3 часа



Пробный ЕГЭ по английскому языку

состоится в пятницу 15 февраля 2013 года (каб. № 16)

Начало в 11.55 (четвёртый урок), окончание экзамена в 14.55

Длительность: 3 часа



Пробный ЕГЭ по английскому языку

состоится в пятницу 15 февраля 2013 года (каб. № 16)

Начало в 11.55 (четвёртый урок), окончание экзамена в 14.55

Длительность: 3 часа



Пробный ЕГЭ по английскому языку

состоится в пятницу 15 февраля 2013 года (каб. № 16)

Начало в 11.55 (четвёртый урок), окончание экзамена в 14.55

Длительность: 3 часа



Пробный ЕГЭ по английскому языку

состоится в пятницу 15 февраля 2013 года (каб. № 16)

Начало в 11.55 (четвёртый урок), окончание экзамена в 14.55

Длительность: 3 часа


Перечень элементов содержания, проверяемых на едином

государственном экзамене по английскому языку
Синтаксис

  1. Коммуникативные типы предложений: утвердительные, вопросительные, отрицательные,

побудительные и порядок слов в них

  1. Предложения с начальным it. Предложения с there is/are .

  2. Сложноподчиненные предложения с союзами и союзными словами what, when, why, which, that, who, if, because, that's, why, than, so, for, since, during, so that, unless

  3. Согласование времен и косвенная речь

  4. Предложения с конструкциями as …as; not so … as; neither … nor; either… or

  5. Условные предложения реального (Conditional I - If I see Jim, I'll invite him to our school party.) и нереального (Conditional II - If I were you, I would start learning French)характера

  6. Предложения с конструкцией I wish (I wish I had my own room.)

  7. Предложения с конструкцией so/such (I was so busy that I forgot to phone my parents.)

  8. Конструкции с глаголами на -ing: to love/hate doing something; Stop talking

  9. Конструкции It takes me … to do something; to look/feel/be happy

  10. Различные средства связи в тексте для обеспечения его целостности (firstly, finally, и т.д)

Морфология

  1. Имена существительные во множественном числе, образованные по правилу,исключения

  2. Определенный, неопределенный, нулевой артикли

  3. Местоимения личные, притяжательные, указательные, неопределенные, относительные,

вопросительные

  1. Имена прилагательные в положительной, сравнительной и превосходной степенях, образованные по правилу, а также исключения. Наречия в сравнительной и превосходной

степенях, а также наречия, выражающие количество (many/much, few/a few, little/a little)

  1. Числительные количественные, порядковые

  2. Предлоги места, направления, времени

  3. Наиболее употребительные личные формы глаголов действительного залога: Present Simple, Future Simple и Past Simple, Present и Past Continuous, Present и Past Perfect,

  4. личные формы глаголов действительного залога: Present Perfect Continuous и Past Perfect Continuous.

  5. Личные формы глаголов страдательного залога: Present Simple Passive, Future Simple Passive, Past Simple Passive, Present Perfect Passive.

  6. Личные формы глаголов в Present Simple (Indefinite) для выражения действий в будущем

после союзов if, when

  1. Личные формы глаголов страдательного залога в Past Perfect Passive и Future Perfect Passive; Present/Past Progressive(Continuous) Passive; неличные формы глаголов (Infinitive, Participle I, Gerund) (пассивно)

  2. Фразовые глаголы (look for, …)

  3. Модальные глаголы (may, can/be able to, must/have to/should; need, shall, could, might, would)

  4. Различные грамматические средства для выражения будущего времени: Simple Future, to be going to, Present Continuous, Present simple

Лексическая сторона речи

Аффиксы как элементы словообразования.

Аффиксы глаголов: re-, dis-, mis-; -ize/ise.

Аффиксы существительных: -er/or, -ness, -ist, -ship, -ing, -sion/tion, -ance/ence, -ment, -ity.

Аффиксы прилагательных: -y, -ic, -ful, -al, -ly, -ian/an, -ing, -ous, -ible/able, -less, -ive, inter-.

Суффикс наречий -ly.

Отрицательные префиксы: un-, in-/im-

Многозначность лексических единиц. Синонимы. Антонимы

Лексическая сочетаемость

Предметное содержание речи


  1. Повседневная жизнь и быт, распределение домашних обязанностей в семье. Покупки.

  2. Жизнь в городе и сельской местности. Проблемы города и села

  3. Общение в семье и школе, семейные традиции, межличностные отношения с друзьями и

знакомыми

  1. Здоровье и забота о нем, самочувствие, медицинские услуги. Здоровый образ жизни

  2. Роль молодежи в современном обществе, ее интересы и увлечения

  3. Досуг молодежи: посещение кружков, спортивных секций, клубов по интересам. Переписка

  4. Родная страна и страна/страны изучаемого языка. Их географическое положение, климат,

население, города и села, достопримечательности

  1. Путешествие по своей стране и за рубежом, осмотр достопримечательностей

  2. Природа и проблемы экологии

  3. Культурно-исторические особенности своей страны и стран изучаемого языка

  4. Вклад России и стран изучаемого языка в развитие науки и мировой культуры

  5. Современный мир профессий, рынок труда

  6. Возможности продолжения образования в высшей школе

  7. Планы на будущее, проблема выбора профессии

  8. Роль владения иностранными языками в современном мире

  9. Школьное образование. Изучаемые предметы, отношение к ним. Каникулы

  10. Научно-технический прогресс, его перспективы и последствия

  11. Новые информационные технологии

  12. Праздники и знаменательные даты в различных странах мира



 
 
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